There is considered the issue of the regional peculiarities of the lexical and semantic and toponymic systems that nominate the natural realities of the Samara Volga region. For the thematic groups “Forest”, “Pond”, “Terrain”, “Soil” there are determined the general Russian and dialectal lexemes that reflect the main properties and signs of the natural landscape. The dialectal names create the basis for the linguistic landscape of the region and its historical and geographical image.