There are considered the basic priority directions of the Russian and Kazakhstan cooperation after the USSR collapse and the CIS creation. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the main prerequisites of this cooperation, there are shown the positive and negative aspects of development of the economic relations between the two leading states of the CIS. There is revealed the regulatory and legal basis of the Russia-Kazakhstan cooperation in the sphere of economics, common use of the space complex “Baikonur”, formation of the customs union, the united economic space and so on.