There is described the role of the sanitary and prevention direction in the medical culture of the provincial Tsaritsyn in the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century, emphasized the special influence of the social and economic conditions of Tsaritsyn on the ecological and epidemiological situation in the city. One of the reasons for the quick spreading of infectious diseases among the people in Tsaritsyn is the extremely low cultural level of its citizens. There are covered the forms and methods of prevention of infectious diseases in Tsaritsyn at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.