There is covered the urgent issue - debatable questions of history of children’s homelessness in Russia in the 1920-1930s. There is thoroughly analyzed the Soviet, emigrant and post-Soviet literature regarding the reasons for children’s homelessness in the period of establishment of the Soviet government. There is stated the importance of the balanced approach to study of overcoming of the mass children’s homelessness in the 1920-1930s. There is described the author’s view on the reasons for development of this social problem in the USSR.