Idioms with the meaning of “health - ill health” in the Russian phraseology do not take a significant place. Most of these expressions are phraseological units with the meaning of mental state of a person. There are are also numerous phraseological units with the meaning of “death”, only 4% of the considered idioms contain the word “heart” in their structure and only 1% are the names of diseases or their symptoms.

The article deals with the potential of phraseological units in the creation of humorous statements by means of language pun. The research is based on the fiction about doctors. The analysis identifies such ways to use phraseological units as literalness, change in syntactic function, substitution of the component,meaning broadening, etc.

The article deals with the categories of dialectisms used by B.P. Ekimov in his creative works. Their basic functions are determined; the notion “dialectological dominating unit” is introduced. The relations of the meaning features of the dialect units and the author’s idea, their role in the verbal characteristics of personages are researched.

There are considered the notions about a Cossack woman reflected in folk tales: her character, personal qualities, relations with her husband. There is stated the influence of extralinguistic factors on such views. There is analyzed its ambiguity and discrepancy which are obvious in a folk tale.

There is considered the myth concept “Samovila” characteristic for the Bulgarian fairy tale folklore. The structure of the myth concept includes conceptual, figurative and axiological levels which can differ from the appropriate levels of a general cultural concept. There are analyzed the features typical only to the character, and his discrepancy.

There are considered the notions of the basic family roles of a man and a woman reflected in the Russian and Bulgarian folk tales. The main attention is paid to the most important for each nation quality of a husband and a wife, as well as to those which are the most preferable for marriage.

There are described some peculiarities of the Bulgarian folk world picture in comparison with the Russian one on the basis of fairy-tale plots about snakes. There are revealed and sorted out the cultural peculiarities of the Bulgarian people fixed in the folk world picture, made the attempt to reveal the connection with the history and culture of the mentioned ethnic group.